NeuroSim for Windows - 神经生理学教学软件

NeuroSim 运行于Windows系统，是一款神经生理学教学软件，主要是本科生和初级研究生。它还可以为有经验的神经生理学家提供娱乐，也许还有一些有用的见解。它几个模块，模块模拟神经功能的方面。这些模拟彼此各自运行。但共享通用接口。用户选择模拟所需的实验和神经生理学参数，然后进行实验。计算机产生的结果与真实电生理实验中的示波器。然后，用户可以改变参数以探索不同条件的影响。NeuroSim具有直观的界面，因此学生可以用于基础科学。这些程序的设计具有性和可配置性，因此模拟都可以在使用，从的适用于初级课程的现象到高等数据处理和分析。

六大模块

HODGKIN-HUXLEY模拟神经冲动的Hodgkin-Huxley模型。可以在电流钳位或电压钳位模式下施加两个激励脉冲，激励脉冲具有方波或斜波波形以及用户定义的幅度和时序。可以模拟现象，不应期，阈值调节，电压钳尾电流，但通道膜片钳电导等。动画显示了细胞膜中分子的作用，可以使用药物，并且温度和粒子浓度可以变化。

GOLDMAN

GOLDMAN模拟Goldman-Hodgkin-Katz常数场方程（为简洁起见，称为Goldman方程）。这使学生能够探索粒子浓度和平衡电视以及相对离子渗透率和膜电势之间的关系。他针对一系列离子参数明确计算能斯特和高盛方程。

膜

膜修复程序模拟单个粒子通道的动力学。提供了三种的模型：两种状态的打开/关闭通道；三态激动剂激活的通道（关闭/未绑定，关闭/绑定，打开/绑定）；和三态关闭，打开，阻塞通道。该程序还可以使用用户定义的跃迁速率常数对5个状态的通道进行建模，可以显示打开时间和关闭时间直方图，并叠加多指数曲线。提供了的突发分析选项。

被动传导

被动传导模拟神经元色非尖峰传导（电缆）。实验情况下。有长而均匀的不刺突轴突或树突，其中插入了六个Microelectrode。该线一端的 Electrode 用于注入正或符电流的方波。五个 Electrode 用于测量电压。用户可以调整电流脉冲的幅度，持续时间和延迟，五个记录 Electrode 相对于电流注入位置的位置。用户可以通过设置其膜的和直径来“构建”轴突。目的是显示根据轴突的，对电流脉冲的电压响应如何随时间和距离而变化。它显示了信号衰减如何与时间常数和空间常数属性相关。时间求和可以证明。膜电位可以显示为电位随时间变化的图表。

网格

NETWORK允许用户构建通过非突或突化学突触和整流或非突触电突触互连的神经元的任意电路。神经元的膜可以各自设置，选择使神经元成为内源性爆发源。尽管简化了活动膜时间以大程度地提高了速度，但可以峰值（例如阈值调节）。可以将定义幅度和定时的实验电流脉冲诸如神经元。可以定义不同类型的突触，具有不同反转电位，突触强度和促进的化学突触，以及具有不同整流的电突触。化学突触可以是电压依赖性的。具有定义的进补或随机突触输入可撞击神经元。这些功能使电路现象的范围广泛，内源性和网络振荡器，感觉系统的横向一直以及。可以使用Hebbian属性定义突触，当突触前和突触后神经元共同活跃时，连接的强度会增强，例如长期增强（LTP）。提供了一系列使用此类Hebbian突触研究学习和记忆过程的功能。

神经元突触

NEURON / SYNAPSE是单室神经元模型，其中可以结合电压依赖性和突触电导。它旨在研究比标准HH模型更复杂的蜂窝系统，但它提供了的电流钳和电压钳实验设备。可以九种与电压有关的通道类型，每种类型都具有用户以的特大电导和平衡电势，以及使用内置方程编辑器定义的激活和失活动力学。可以模拟细胞内钙浓度的波动，并且可以使通道都依赖钙。这意味着可以模拟各样的神经元类型，内源性爆发器，具有大A电流的神经元等。Neuron / Synapse模拟可用于复制文献中的经典模拟和进行详细研究动力学和变化的生理后果，除了电压相关通道外，还可以物种配体门控（突触）通道类型，都具有方波或α波形电导曲线，并定义了特大电导和平衡电势。突触事件可以显示促进或减少，可以是电导增加或减少的类型，并且可以显示电压依赖性。可以为电导增加突触定义定量释放的参数，从而可以对幅度波动进行统计分析。这允许对离子型突触后事件及其与电压依赖性屠刀的相互作用进行详细研究。可以是电导增加或减少的类型，并且可以显示电压依赖性。可以为电导增加突触定义定量释放的参数，从而可以对幅度波动进行统计分析。这允许对离子型突触时间以及与电压依赖性通道的相互作用进行详细研究。

【英文介绍】

NeuroSim for Windows is a computer program intended for use in teaching neurophysiology, primarily at the undergraduate and beginning graduate-student level. It may also provide entertainment, and perhaps some useful insights, for experienced neurophysiologists. It contains several modules, each of which simulates a particular aspect of neural function. The modules operate independently of each other, but share a common interface. The user first selects the experimental and neurophysiological parameters desired for the particular simulation, and then runs an experiment. The computer generates results that are similar to that of an oscilloscope in a genuine electrophysiological experiment. The user can then vary the parameters to explore the effects of differing conditions. NeuroSim has an intuitive interface so students can concentrate on the underlying science. The programs have been designed for maximum flexibility and configurability, so that each simulation can be used at a range of levels, from simple illustration of phenomena suitable for junior courses, through to advanced data handling and analysis. NeuroSim currently contains six modules. It has won an important prize for Technology in Learning.

The Six Modules

HH

HODGKIN-HUXLEY simulates the Hodgkin-Huxley model of a nerve impulse. Two stimulus pulses can be applied in either current clamp or voltage clamp mode, each with square or ramp waveform and user-defined amplitude and timing. A wide range of phenomena can be simulated, including refractory period, threshold accommodation, voltage clamp tail currents, single channel patch clamp conductances and many others. An animated cartoon shows the action of molecular gates in the cell membrane. Various drugs can be applied, and the temperature and ionic concentrations can be varied.

GOLDMAN

GOLDMAN simulates the Goldman-Hodgkin-Katz constant field equation (known as the Goldman equation for brevity). This allows students to explore the relationship between ionic concentrations and equilibrium potentials, and relative ionic permeability and the membrane potential. It explicitly calculates the Nernst and Goldman equations for a range of ionic parameters.

MEMBRANE

MEMBRANE PATCH simulates the kinetic properties of single ion channels. Three simple models are supplied: a two-state open/shut channel; a 3-state agonist-activated channel (shut/unbound, shut/bound, open/bound); and a 3-state shut, open, blocked channel. The program can also model a channel with up to 5 states with user-defined transition rate constants. Open-time and shut-time histograms can be displayed, with multi-exponential curves superimposed. A simple burst analysis option is available. Raw data of open and shut times can be exported to ASCII files for more sophisticated analysis.

PASSIVE CONDUCTION

PASSIVE CONDUCTION simulates the non-spiking conduction properties (the cable properties) of a neuron. The experimental situation is as follows. There is a long non-spiking axon or dendrite of uniform length, into which six microelectrodes are inserted. The electrode at one end of this line is used to inject square pulses of positive or negative current. The other five electrodes are used for measuring voltage. The user can adjust the amplitude, duration and delay of the current pulses, and the location of the five recording electrodes relative to the site of current injection. The user "builds" the axon by setting its membrane characteristics and diameter. The aim is to show how the voltage response to a current pulse varies with time and distance, according to the characteristics of the axon. It demonstrates how signal attenuation relates to the properties of time constant and space constant. Temporal summation can be demonstrated. The membrane potential can be displayed either as a graph of potential against time, or potential against axon location of the recording electrodes.

NETWORK

NETWORK allows the user to construct arbitrary circuits of neurons interconnected by non-spiking or spiking chemical synapses and rectifying or non-rectifying electrical synapses. Many of the membrane properties of each neuron can be set individually, including the option of making a neuron an endogenous burster. Although active membrane events are simplified to maximize speed, spike characteristics such as threshold accommodation can be included. Experimental current pulses of defined amplitude and timing can be injected into any neuron. Many different types of synapses can be defined, including chemical synapses with different reversal potentials, synaptic strengths and facilitation properties, and electrical synapses with different rectification properties. Chemical synapses can be voltage dependent. Tonic or random synaptic input with defined characteristics can impinge on any neuron. These features enable a very wide range of circuit phenomena to be demonstrated, including endogenous and network oscillators, lateral inhibition in sensory systems, and many others. Synapses can be defined with Hebbian properties, where the strength of the connection is augmented when pre- and post-synaptic neurons are co-active, as in long-term potentiation (LTP). A range of features to support investigation of learning and memory processes using such Hebbian synapses are available.

NEURON/SYNAPSE

NEURON/SYNAPSE is a single-compartment neuron model in which both voltage-dependent and synaptic conductances can be incorporated. It is intended for investigating more complex cellular systems than that of the standard HH model, but it provides similar current clamp and voltage clamp experimental facilities. Up to nine voltage-dependent channel types can be included, each with user-defined maximum conductance and equilibrium potential, and with activation and inactivation kinetics defined using a built-in equation editor. Intracellular calcium concentration fluctuations can be simulated, and any channel can be made calcium dependent. This means that a wide variety of neuron types can be simulated, including endogenous bursters, neurons with a large A current, etc. The Neuron/Synapse simulation can be used to replicate many classic simulations from the literature, and/or to explore in detail the physiological consequences of variations in channel kinetics and other properties. In addition to the voltage-dependent channels, up to five ligand gated (synaptic) channel types can also be included, each with either a square or alpha-waveform conductance profile and defined maximum conductance and equilibrium potential. Synaptic events can show facilitation or decrement, can be of conductance increase or decrease type, and can show voltage dependence. The parameters for quantal release can be defined for conductance increase synapses, allowing statistical analysis of amplitude fluctuations. This allows the detailed exploration of ionotropic post-synaptic events, and their interaction with voltage-dependent channels.